(3-A) -- Import/Export Data ~
(3-A-a) - Global Data ~
(3-A-b) - Regional and National Data ~ [Ab1]~China, [Ab2] Indonesia, [Ab3] Vietnam, [Ab4]~Africa, [Ab5]~North America, [Ab6]~Japan, [Ab7]~Europe, [Ab8]~Asian Sub-Continent, [Ab9] Latin America, ~
(3-B) -- Private Capital Flows ~ [B0] Global, [B1]~Developing Countries, [B2] China, [B3]~United States, [B4]~Latin America, [B5]~Africa, [B6]~OECD Countries, ~
(3-C) -- Ocean Shipping and Highways ~
(3-D) -- Trade Deficits, Current Account Deficits and Surpluses ~
(3-D-a) - US Data ~
(3-D-b) - Non-US Data ~
(3-E) -- Human Mobility (Immigration)
(3-F) -- Productivities ~
(3-G) -- In-Sourcing/ Out-Sourcing ~
(3-H) -- Privatization and GATS ~
(3- I) -- Conditions that Affect Benefits and Costs of Globalization ~
(3-J) -- Effects of Globalization on Consumption ~

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According to the National Council of Textile Organizations, Chinese shipments of textiles and clothing to the US soared more than 11-fold since quotas were lifted in 2002, while the share of that market held by 50 other countries plunged to 28% from 90% (04M4).

Top countries or regions that depend on apparel and textile exports; apparel and textile exports as a percentage of merchandise exports (04M4) (Source: World Bank)

At $350 billion/ year, world trade in textiles and clothing accounts for 8% of all trade in manufactured goods (04M4). Comments: On 1/1/05 a major barrier to trade in textiles and clothing was eliminated globally. This resulted in huge increases in exports from China, and extreme duress among numerous other developing world countries.

Figure 9.1 (Converted to a table) -- Percent of Total Merchandise Exports that are Agricultural (from a plot that has been smoothed) (03S4)

Figure 9.2 (converted to a table) Agricultural Imports and Exports of Least-Developed Countries during 1961-2000 in Millions of US$ (from a plot - data has been smoothed) (03S4)

Figure 9.1 (Converted to a table) ~ Agricultural Trade Surpluses and Deficits of Developing Nations during 1961-2000 in Millions of US$ (from a plot - data has been smoothed) (03S4)

Net trade of developing countries (negative values denote net imports) (03S4)

Col.2-4 are in Billions of US$ (current)
Col.5-6 are in Billions of US$ of 1997/99

The surplus in the overall agricultural trade balance of developing countries has virtually disappeared over the past 40 years, and the outlook to 2030 suggests that, as a group, they will increasingly become net importers of agricultural commodities (03S4).

In 1961/63 developing countries as a whole had an overall agricultural trade surplus of US$6.7 billion, but this gradually disappeared so that by the end of the 1990s agricultural trade was broadly in balance, with periodic minor surpluses and deficits (03S4).

The share of developing countries' agricultural exports in their overall exports fell from nearly 50% at the beginning of the 1960s to barely more than 5% by 2002 (03S4). Even for the group of the 49 LDCs, where agriculture is often the largest sector of the economy, the share of agricultural exports declined from more than 65% in the early 1960s to less than 15% by 2000 (Figure 9.1 - in Section (3-A-a)) (03S4).

Agricultural trade has also grown during the last 50 years, but only at about the rate of global economic output (03S4).

The last 50 years have witnessed a global merchandise trade increase of 17-fold, more than three times faster than growth in world economic output (03S4).

Top importers and exporters in 2001 merchandise trade (in US$billions) (Wall Street Journal (9/9/03))

*Does not include trade inside the EU
Source: World Trade Organization

Global market for agricultural products: $850 million (02P2).

Global trade in manufactured goods was almost $4.5 trillion in 2001 (02P2).

The shoe business moved from Japan in the 1960s to Korea and Taiwan in the 1970s and to China and Indonesia in the 1980s (02D1). Comments: These shifts are easily related to changes in wages in the countries involved. Indonesia is now apparently losing out to Vietnam and China (02D1).

Percentage of Nike Footwear produced by Country of Manufacture (02D1)

The world has 60,000 multinational corporations (in 2000, vs. 35,000 in 1990 and 7000 in 1970), with 800,000 foreign affiliates and $15 trillion in annual sales (02F2) (01U5).

Since the end of WWII, the proportion of trade as a share of global income has risen from 7 to 21%. In the US, international trade now accounts for about 24% of GDP. Trade volume has increased 15-fold over the past four decades, vs. a six-fold increase in production. Developing countries now account for about 25% of world trade, vs. 20% a decade ago (Renato Ruggiero, "The High Stakes of World Trade", Wall Street Journal (4/28/97)). Comments: Does this 25% include just exports, just imports, or exports + imports?

A chart in the Wall Street Journal (12/16/93) shows total value of world exports and imports roughly doubling every 10 years during the period 1960-1992, with the total value of world exports and imports in 1992 being $7.5 trillion.

A common mental image is of capital flowing from high-wage, rich countries to the low-wage poor countries in order to produce goods for export back to the rich countries. In reality, the majority of such investments flow from one rich country to another. Most of the output from such investments is sold in the country where it is made, or in third countries, rather than being exported back to the investor's home country (95W1).

Between one-third and one-half of all trade is "intra-firm" trade (transactions between a parent firm located in one country and its affiliates in another country) (95W1).

Foreign direct investment has grown twice as fast as international trade over the past 25 years, while trade, in turn, has grown twice as fast as world output (95W1).

Stock investment across national boundaries as a percentage of total world stock turnovers: 6.2% in 1979: 11% in 1984: 14% in 1989 (Solomon Bros. Intl Ltd. Data).

World Exports plus Imports in trillions of US dollars (International Monetary Fund data) (from a plot)

Comments: Trade volume appears to roughly triple every decade.
Comments: For perspective, global GDP in 1997 was about $25 trillion.

Real growth of exports, 1985-1996: Developing economies: 217%, World: 94.2%, Industrialized economies: 69.6% (DRI/McGraw Hill data, Wall Street Journal 2/24/97).

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Part (3-A-b) ~ REGIONAL AND NATIONAL DATA ~ [Ab1] China, [Ab2] Indonesia, [Ab3] Vietnam, [Ab4]~Africa, [Ab5]~North America, [Ab6]~Japan, [Ab7] ~Europe, [Ab8]~Asian Sub-Continent, [Ab9]~Latin America,

In the first month after the end of all quotas on textiles and apparel around the world, imports (of textiles and apparel?) to the US from China jumped 75% (David Barboza and Elizabeth Becker "Free of Quota, China Textiles Flood the U.S.", New York Times (3/10/05)).

57% of Chinese exports - nearly all of its manufactured goods - come from multinational companies (04F3).

A WTO study indicates that China could capture 56% of the US apparel market after the quotas are removed on 1/1/05, vs. 12% in 2001 (04M4).

China's total exports in 2002: $325.57 billion (03U2).
China's total imports in 2002: $295.22 billion (03U2).

China's total trade in 2001 was $510 billion - 15 times greater than in 1980. 41% of exports went to the US (02I1).

China is the world's 6^th largest trading nation and is expected to rank second by 2010 (02I1).

Factories in Dongguan China produce 37% of the world's disk drives and 10% of its computer monitors in 2001-plus tens of millions of scanners, printers and DVD players (02I1).

In 2001, China shipped $4.6 billion in furniture to the US (02I1).

China's Exports and Imports (in US $billions) (from a chart) (Sources: Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation; China National Bureau of Statistics) (02L2)

Comments: Much import growth is probably food needed to deal with growing populations and degrading croplands.

About $10 billion in Chinese-made merchandise makes it to Wal-Mart stores annually (02L1).

China's exports and foreign investments in China, in $billions (data of National Bureau of Statistics of China) (from a chart) (02l1).

In 2001, 20% of everything Philips made worldwide came from China, and that percentage is rising rapidly (02L1).

Between 1998-2001, total US imports of household cooking appliances from China more than doubled to $640 million (02L1).

During 1998-2001, Chinese exports of TV and audio equipment to the US rose 13%/year to $6 billion in 2001; tools and hardware rose 23%/year to more than $1.5 billion in 2001; sporting goods rose 16%/ year to $2 billion in 2001 (02L1).

China's high-tech exports to the US are growing faster than any other category - up 47% in the first 7 months of 2002 from a year earlier (02L1).

In July 2002, exports to the US of China-made electronic products hit $1.2 billion, up 12.5% from June 2002 (02L1).

A single Chinese company accounts for 40% of all microwave ovens sold in Europe (02L1).

China makes more than 50% of cameras sold worldwide, 30% of air conditioners and TVs, 25% of all washing machines, and nearly 20% of the refrigerators (02L1).

China is now the world's fourth largest industrial base in terms of value of goods produced, behind the US, Japan and Germany (02L1).

Half of China's exports now come from foreign exporters or their joint ventures in China (02L1).

Chinese exports in 2001: $266 billion (02L1).

US Imports from, and Exports to, China ($billions) (Datastream International, late 1999) (from a graph in Wall Street Journal)

Philips exports nearly 2/3 of its $5 billion in goods produced in its 23 Chinese factories (02L1).

Total Chinese-Japanese Trade (in billions of US$) (from a chart) (Japanese Ministry of Finance data)

Indonesia's shoe exports in 2006 are expected to increase by 20% over the 2005 figure of $1.5 billion (150 million pair of shoes). In 1996 Indonesia's footwear industry exports peaked at $2.5 billion. (About 200,000 Indonesians lost their jobs during the Asian financial crisis of 1997-98.) (06W4) Comments: The financial crisis of 1997-1998 is widely attributed to the trade rules of globalization that enables multinational corporations to instantly withdraw their financial investments from any nation in which they have financial investments. Developing world nations are demanding that this provision of trade rules be changed in future negotiations. Nations like Chile that did not allow instantaneous withdrawal of financial assets did not suffer directly from the financial crisis of 1997-1998.

In Indonesia there is no evidence that better-paying high tech jobs are replacing the lower-tech jobs being lost (the "Flying Geese" model), e.g. the movement of shoe manufacturing to Vietnam and China (02D1).

Indonesia was ruled for 32 years until 1998 by the dictator Suharto. During that time, Indonesia failed to build such key institutions as a functioning judiciary, and is unable to lay down clear and consistent policies since these matters were redressed from the Suharto family or from a general. The result: political turmoil - one reason why shoe manufacturers are fleeing Indonesia. Another reason: Vietnam and China do not allow workers to organize - like Indonesia does (02D1).

Vietnam's imports, mostly from the West, totaled $1.9 billion in 1991. 68% of it was raw materials and fuels. Vietnam's exports in 1991 totaled $1.8 billion. 53.4% was non-manufactured - fish, forest products and minerals (Pittsburgh Post Gazette (2/5/92)). Comments: The over-fishing and deforestation in Vietnam would suggest that this export mix is non-sustainable.

Madagascar's exports to the US in the first half of 2001 totaled $132.8 million, vs. $62.7 million the year before (Helene Cooper, Wall Street Journal (1/2/02)). Comments: This appears to be a consequence of the trade agreement between the US and African nations.

Imports of goods and services into the US as a percentage of GDP (smoothed curve from a graph) (06U1).

(up 3%/ decade during 1985-2005)

Market Share of US sock makers (from a chart)

Sock imports into the US from China (in millions of US dollars) (from a chart):

(Greg Hitt, Dan Morse, "Once Close-Knit Sock Industry Splits Over Trade Restrictions", Wall Street Journal (5/27/05), p. A1.)

In the first month after the end of all quotas on textiles and apparel around the world, imports (of textiles and apparel?) to the US from China jumped 75% (David Barboza and Elizabeth Becker "Free of Quota, China Textiles Flood the U.S.", New York Times (3/10/05.)).

A WTO study indicates that China could capture 56% of the US apparel market after the quotas are removed on 1/1/05, vs. 12% in 2001 (04M4).

US Imports of Chinese Auto Parts in billions of US dollars (in gcib.html -- Appendix B) (Norihiko Shirouzu, "Big Three's Outsourcing Plan: Make Parts Suppliers Do It", Wall Street Journal (6/10/04), p. A1.) (From a chart)

In the first half of 2003, imports snagged nearly 2 out of every 3 dollars in the growth of US manufacturing shipments over the same period in 2002. (Data from the Manufacturers Alliance) (03A1)

US imports (of goods and services?) in 2002: $1410 billion (03U1).

US exports of goods and services in 2002: $973 billion (03U1).

US manufacturing exports in 2002: $563 billion (???) (03U1).

Trade between Russia and the US (from a graph) (Source: Commerce Dept. and Energy Information Administration) (02H3)

Exports by US farmers: $50 billion/ year (02P2). Comments: In 2004 the US became a net importer of food.

Exports by US manufacturers: almost $600 billion/ year (02P2).

In 2001, the US imported 97.3% of the 1.78 billion pairs of footwear sold in the US (Jim McKay, Pittsburgh Post Gazette (12/22/02). (In gci.html, Ed. 3)

Market Share of US High-Tech Industries in percent (Council of Competitiveness data) (Wall Street Journal (1/28/91))

Average Monthly US Imports and Exports (Billions of US dollars) (Commerce Dept. Data) (Multiply by 12 to get annual figures) (Wall Street Journal (5/22/01)) (from a graph)

Comments: Are these data for both goods and services?

During 1950-1993, the value of (US?) trade, in real (inflation-corrected) terms, has grown 6.5%/ year (Karen Pennar, Business Week (8/2/93)).

US Imports and Exports (trillions of US dollars) (US Department of Commerce data) (Wall Street Journal (5/24/02))

Comments: 1997 data are from Wall Street Journal (5/22/01).
Comments: Are these data for both goods and services?

US Exports as a percentage of GDP (adjusted for inflation) (Commerce Department data) (from a chart)

Exports accounted for 11% of all US output in 1996 (Wall Street Journal (11/24/97)).

The US bought 18.7% of the world's exported goods in 2001, up from 14% in 1991 (02P1).

Cotton Production (US) and Exports (millions of 480-lb. bales) (National Cotton Council data) (from a plot):

P.340 of "An Assessment of the Forest and Range Situation in the US" (1980) FS-345 has data on imports and exports of timber products during 1950-1977.

Intense competition from Canada and China has led to widespread plant closings and layoffs in the US furniture industry. Furniture imports to the US in the second quarter of 2002 were 71% higher than in 1999. Furniture imports now account for more than 40% of the US residential furniture market (02H1). Furniture making has become one of China's fastest-growing industries. In the first 7 months of 2002, exports rose 35% to $3.04 billion, outstripping growth of all other export commodities except high-tech products. China's furniture exports are poised to increase 30%/ year during the next 5-6 years (02H1).

US Imports and Exports with Japan (US Census Bureau Data) (from a plot in Wall Street Journal) (in billions of $US)

Total Merchandise Trade Volume between the US and its North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) Partners in billions of $US (Wall Street Journal (7/20/99)) (from a bar-chart)

Japan bought 5.5% of the world's exported goods in 2001, down from 6.5% in 1991 (02P1).

Germany bought 7.7% of the world's exported goods in 2001, down from 10.7% in 1991 (02P1).

Exports of private U.S. services to India, in billions of dollars/ year (04H2) (from a graph)

India's software exports have increased at a rate of 43%/ year over 1990-1994 (94C1).

Mexican Exports of Confections to the US (in millions of US$) (from a chart) (US Department of Commerce data) (Joel Millman, Wall Street Journal (2/13/02)).

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SECTION (3-B) ~ PRIVATE CAPITAL FLOWS ~ [B0] Global, [B1] Developing Countries, [B2] China, [B3]~United States, [B4]~Latin America, [B5]~Africa, [B6]~OECD Countries, ~

More than 40% of the imports into the US are from overseas subsidiaries of American companies (Louis Uchitelle, "Globalization: It's Not Just Wages", New York Times, 6/17/05).

Global foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows in 2004 are estimated to have risen by 6% to $612 billion (See table below). As in 2003, however, flows to developed countries slumped, but that decline was offset by rising flows to developing countries and Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). "This increase is good news for developing countries, which now account for an estimated 42% of world FDI inflows, compared to 27% during 2001-2003"(04U1).

The $321 billion flows to developed countries (See table below) marked a 16% drop from the previous year´s $380 billion. The US topped China ($121 billion), becoming again the world's largest recipient (04U1).

Inflows to developing countries in 2004 are estimated to have totaled $255 billion (See table below), up 48% from 2003 and a historic high. That increase was felt in each developing region (04U1).

• FDI inflows to Africa account for 3% of global FDI inflows. A large part of this increase stems from investment in natural resource exploitation, driven by a strong rebound in global commodity prices and demand for diamonds, gold, oil, platinum and palladium. As a result, such natural-resource-rich countries as Algeria, Angola, Libya, Mauritania, Nigeria and South Africa received more FDI.
• FDI flows to Latin America and the Caribbean in 2004 were up 37% to $69 billion. (04U1).

The table below tabulated foreign direct Investment inflows in billions of US dollars (04U1).

Source: UNCTAD (www.unctad.org/fdistatistics) and UNCTAD's own estimates
~(a) Revised data
~(b) Preliminary estimates. See Note below.
~(c) The 8 CEE countries that acceded to the EU in 2004 are included under this heading.
Note: World FDI inflows are projected on the basis of 101 economies for which data are available for parts of 2004, as of 12/29/04. Data for most economies are estimated by annualizing their data from the first three quarters. The proportion of inflows to these economies in total inflows to their respective region or subregion in 2003 is used to extrapolate to the 2004 data for Africa, Asia and the Pacific and Central and Eastern Europe. For 2004, Latin America and the Caribbean is estimated by annualizing the data from the first three quarters for principal host economies and by replicating the 2003 data for the economies for which no data are available so far.

UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics 2002 (www.unctad.org/en/docs//tdstat27_enfr.pdf) (439 pp.) (2.55 MB)

UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics 2002 provides a comprehensive collection of statistical data relevant to the analysis of world trade, investment and development, for individual countries and for economic and trade groupings. Data are presented in an analytical way, through the use of rank orderings, growth rates and other special calculations, with a view to facilitate their interpretation. The Handbook is a valuable tool for research, policy-making and education, which can also be used in conjunction with the CD-ROM or the on-line version. The UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics 2002 offers to users reliable coherent data on the following subjects: International merchandise trade: values, trends and regional trade zones; Trade in services; Export and import structure by products and by regions of origin and destination, and related concentration indices; Volume and terms of trade indices; Commodity prices and relevant price indices; International financial data: current accounts, foreign direct investment, external indebtedness, workers' remittances, etc.; Selected indicators of development: GDP and various social and telecommunications indicators; In addition to the traditional broad coverage of development statistics, the 2002 edition offers several new data sets: Export/ import concentration indices by product; Diversification and structural change in trade indices; Instability indices of prices of primary commodities; Environment protection and tourism indicators. (This information is also in Section (3-B) - Private Capital Flows.)

World Investment Report 2003 -- FDI Policies for Development: National and International Perspectives

Recognized worldwide as the most up-to-date and comprehensive source of information as well as analysis regarding foreign direct investments, the World Investment Report (WIR) highlights the major sectoral and geographical changes in the pattern of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) flows every year, with special attention being paid to developing countries. This year's report focuses on the FDI downturn, its reasons and the role of national policies and international investment agreements (IIAs) to attract FDI and benefit from it. The report includes a substantial statistical annex.

CONTENTS
PART I. FDI FALLS AGAIN - UNEVENLY
Chapter 1: FDI Down 21% Globally
Chapter 2: Uneven Performance Across Regions

PART II. ENHANCING THE DEVELOPMENT DIMENSION OF INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT AGREEMENTS
Chapter 3: Key National FDI Policies and International Investment Agreements
Chapter 4: Eight Key Issues: National Experiences and International Approaches
Chapter 5: The Importance of National Policy Space
Chapter 6: Home Countries and Investors

ISBN: 9211125804 319 pp. $49.00
www.un.org/Pubs/whatsnew/e03wir.htm (visited 7/21/04)

---minus China
(** =(1)+(2)+(3)) Line(1)=(4)+(5)+(6) ## (103,400 in 1997)
Source: UNCTAD World Investment Report, 2002

Source: UNCTAD World Investment Report, 2002 (Table 6.2, pp. 274-281)

Regional Distribution of FDI Inflows and Outflows (billions of US$)

# Cumulative (Col. 8) includes figures for 1995 through 2001 only.
* World totals include data from Eastern Europe that are not part of either developed- or developing countries.
Source: UNCTAD, Handbook of Statistics 2002, New York and Geneva, 2002, 439 pp. 2.55 MB http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/tdstat27_enfr.pdf (visited 7/21/04).

Table 10.1 ~ Regional distribution of FDI inflows and outflows (in billions of US$) (03S5)