CHAPTER 11 - APPENDICES
(11-A) -Conversion Factors-Precise -
(11-B) -Conversion Factors-Imprecise -
(11-C) -Definitions
-
(11-D) -Fish Characteristics -
(11-E) -Organizations
-
(11-F) -Technology
-
(11-G) -Databases
-
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - fi11
SECTION (11-A) -Conversion Factors - Precise -
[A1] - Conversion Factors - Lengths -
[A2] - Conversion Factors - Areas -
[A3] - Conversion Factors - Weights -
[A4] - Conversion Factors -Volumes -
NOTE
: This document sometimes gives numbers in English units. However the preferred system of units is the metric system - metric tons (t.) (or "t."), meters (m) and kilometers (km). Only one or two of the world's 190+ nations persist in using cumbersome English units. Even in the US, nearly all technical, scientific, and medical people use metric units.Note a confusing mixture of metric tons (t.) (tonnes) and English tons (tons) throughout this document. The unit given here are those in the original reference in most cases. However in some instances the original reference is clearly in error (seen by comparing to other references citing the same data). In these cases, an effort was made here to correct the error. Many information sources are simply sloppy about distinguishing English tons and metric tons, so you should beware of this possibility of a 10% error in the data.
SECTION (11-B) - Conversion Factors - Imprecise -
[B1] -Conversion of Wet Weight of Fish to Dry Weights of Fish -
0.075 tonne of fish (wet weight) converts to a dry weight of 0.013-0.024 tonne, i.e. (wet weight of fish) = (5.8-3.1) x (dry weight of fish) (86V1).
[B2] -Conversion of Fish Weight to Protein Weight -
The 60 million-tonne global marine-animal catch (1975) is roughly equivalent to 12 million tonnes of protein (81C1). Comments: Dock-side (live) weight vs. dressed weight is presumably not considered in this conversion.
[B3] -Conversion of Live Weight to Meat Weight of Animals -
About 65% of the raw (non-processed) (wet) (live) weight of finfish is eaten by humans, compared to 50% of the raw (live) weight of chicken and pigs and 40% of the live weight of sheep (98M2). Comments: Finfish used for fishmeal, fish oil etc. to be fed to other fish or to land-based livestock are probably consumed 100%.
[B4] -Conversion of Wet Weight of Fish to Carbon Mass in Fish -
Wet weight of a fish is about 9 times the weight of carbon in the fish (Ref. 12 of (95P2)) (useful in aquatic primary-productivity-related analyses). If (wet weight of fish) = 5.8-3.1 x (dry weight of fish) (86V1), then dry weight of a fish is 1.55-2.9 times the weight of carbon in fish. (For typical plants, dry weight = 2.2 times weight of carbon.)
[B5] -Conversion of Fish Food to Fish Weight -
Some breeds of salmon have been developed that convert 1.1-1.2 weight-units of feed to 1 weight-unit of flesh (97W1) (vs. 8:1 for cattle, 3.0:1 for pigs, 2.0:1 for poultry, 1.7-1.8 for shrimp, and 1.5-2.0:1 for catfish (97W1)). (Fish and shellfish are more efficient in converting food to flesh (than e.g. pigs), since as cold-blooded animals, they do not have to expend energy to maintain their body temperature (97W1).)
[B6] -Conversion of Grain Weight to Live Weight of Fish -
Fish can add a kg of live weight with less than 2 kg. of grain (USDA, ERS, "China's Aquatic Products Economy: production, Marketing, Consumption, and Foreign Trade", International Agriculture and Trade Reports: China (Washington DC July 1998) p. 45).
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - fi11
WEB-SITE NAVIGATION AID - WHERE DO YOU WANT TO GO?
(11B) Top of this Section-Conversion Factors-Imprecise
(11A) Top of previous section-Conversion Factors-Precise
(11TC) Top of these Appendices (units, conversions, definitions)
(12) Top of this Review's Reference List
(FI) Fishery Degradation: A Global Perspective (Table of Contents)
(T) Title Page of this entire web site (visit early)
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - fi11
SECTION (11-C) - Definitions -
Anadromous species: those species that spawn in fresh water, but spend most of their lives at sea, e.g. salmon, striped bass (85B1).
AOC: American Oceans Campaign.
ATCA: Atlantic Tunas Convention Act.
carnivorous fish: fish that eat other fish, e.g. shrimp, salmon, sharks. (Non-carnivorous fish include tilapia, catfish, carp and crayfish.) (98M2).
Catadromous species: those species that spawn at sea, but spend most of their lives in fresh water, e.g. eels (85B1)
CCAMLR: Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (95T2).
CIA: Counter Intelligence Agency (US).
CITES: Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species.
Coastal Region: PAGE researchers define coastal regions at "the inter-tidal and sub-tidal areas above the continental shelf to a depth of 200 m. and adjacent land areas up to 100 km. inland from the coast. ((00W3), p. 69).
Demersal species: (of fish) bottom-dwelling (as opposed to pelagic)
"Dispensation": a phenomenon characterized by fish stocks at low population levels being unable to reproduce efficiently, or succumbing disproportionately to predators, thereby causing the population to decline still further or collapse. Comments: A study of 128 heavily exploited fish stocks found that fish stocks don't collapse due to "dispensation", but simply to over-fishing (95M2).
dressed weight: weight without head, fins, or entrails (99A1).
Drift Nets: fishing nets made of thin filaments that are invisible to fish. They stretch up to 40 miles behind fishing vessels, and hang 30 ft. below the surface of the water (91C1). (Frequently illegal - See Section (6-B)).
EC: European Community (common market)
EEZ: Exclusive Economic Zone (94P1)
EFH: Essential Fish Habitat
EU: European Union (95T1)
FAO (UNFAO): United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (data gathering/ reporting).
Fish In discussing food uses of fish, the term "fish" refers to fish, crustaceans and molluscs, excluding aquatic mammals and aquatic plants (03W2).
Fishery: The combination of fish and fishers in a region, fishing for similar, or the same, species with similar, or the same, types of fishing gear (97W1).
Forage fish: small bony, pelagic fish such as anchovies, sardines, pilchard, blue whiting, sand eel, sprat and capelin. These fish make up roughly 1/3 of the global wild fisheries catch. They are mostly processed to produce fishmeal and fish oils for use in fish, poultry and livestock feeds (01G1).
GAO: General Accounting Office (US)
GESAMP: Group of Experts on Scientific Aspects of the Marine Environment (93W1)
GRT: Gross Registered Tons (A measure of size of fishing vessels)
ha. (hectare): The internationally accepted unit of land area (metric units).
1.0 ha. = 2.47 acres = 10000 m2; 100 ha. = 1 km2; 259 ha. = 1.0 mile2
HMS: Highly Migratory Species
hypoxic: lacking in oxygen
ICCAT: International Commission for the Atlantic Tunas
ICES: International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (98U7)
km (kilometer): a metric measure of distance.
1.0 km. = 1000 meters; 1.6091 km = 1.0 mile; (2.59 km2 = 1.0 mile2).
Large-scale fishing vessel: a boat over 79 ft in length and 100 gross register tons.
Longliner: Fishermen who fish with long lines (fishing lines baited with hundreds of hooks that can stretch 25-40 miles).
Mariculture: saltwater aquaculture (01G1).
Mariculture: aquaculture done in the sea near shore (88B2)
Marine: related to the ocean environment, as opposed to river environments (riverine), lake environments (lacustrine), streams, etc.
Mesopelagic fish ??
MSY: Maximum Sustainable Yield
NAFO: North Atlantic Fisheries Organization
NAMMCO: North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission
NCMC: National Coalition for Marine Conservation (non-profit)
NMFS: National Marine Fisheries Service (a US Government agency)
NOAA: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (US Department of Commerce)
Order of Magnitude: a factor of ten, without high accuracy.
Pelagic: Off-shore (open ocean) (as opposed to demersal) (93B2)
Phytoplankton: plant-based plankton as opposed to zooplankton which are animal-based.
ppm: Parts per million (usually by weight)
Primary product: (net primary product) The sum of energy produced by living organisms by the process of photosynthesis. (Section (2-A))
Red Tide: Blooms of algae that release deadly levels of fish-killing toxins into the surrounding waters (93W1) (Pollution is believed to be the cause - See Section (8-A)
RFF: Resources for the Future
roe: fish eggs
Round Weight: The weight of the fish, etc. as-caught (wet weight; live weight)
SAUS: Statistical Abstracts of the United States (US Census Bureau)
SFA: Sustainable Fisheries Act (legislation that amended the newly renamed Magnuson-Stevens Act in 1996 with strict new mandates to stop over-fishing, rebuild all over-fished stocks, minimize bycatch and protect EFH)
TAC: Total Allowable Catch
t.: metric ton (1000 kg.)
Tonne: (often abbreviated as "t.") a metric ton;
1.0 tonne = 1000 kg.; 1.0 tonne = 1.102 English tons = 2204 lbs.
UNEP: United Nations Environmental Program (a sponsor of studies on global environmental problems such as soil erosion, deforestation, over-grazing, etc.)
Upwelling: A process by which surface waters, that have been driven off-shore by winds, are replaced near shore by deeper, colder, nutrient-rich water, often resulting in high primary productivity (97W1).
USFWS: US Fish and Wildlife Service
WTO: World Trade Organization
Go to the Table of Contents of these Appendices.
SECTION (11-D) -Fish Characteristics -
(Sparse - I just started this compilation.)
Spiny dogfish are, at most, 4 feet long, with most measuring 2-3 feet long. They average about 4 pounds, though they've been known to reach as much as 20 pounds. The females are larger than the males. The lifespan of spiny dogfish is 25-50 years or more. Their diet is fish of any type, including other sharks. Dogfish are ovoviviparous, meaning they produce eggs that are hatched within the body, but the young are born alive. Females become sexually mature at about 16 years old and bear litters of anywhere from 2-15 pups that are 8-12 inches long. They have the longest gestation of any invertebrate, lasting 18-24 months. They travel alone, in small groups or in schools, and prefer water that is 45-59 degrees Fahrenheit. They are mostly bottom-dwellers, and can be found as far as 2400 feet beneath the surface (05W1) (Continued below).
Fishermen say they're being overrun by spiny dogfish and that fishing restrictions on it should be removed. But scientists and fisheries managers say the stock is still in trouble. Both are correct when the issue is examined more closely (05W1) (See below). The story of the spiny dogfish is a complicated one. By most accounts, the spiny dogfish is the most abundant shark in existence. In the late 1980s and early '90s, the number of spiny dogfish was at a historic high, according to the National Marine Fisheries Service. As a result, NMFS began asking commercial fishermen to put their effort into targeting dogfish, thus reducing the fishing pressure on some other species, including cod, (05W1). By the late 1990s, fisheries managers were in a panic, declaring the stock over-fished and curtailing spiny dogfish harvesting with strict quotas. The current regulation allows fishermen to harvest 600 pounds of dogfish per calendar day from May through October, and just 300 pounds per day from November through April (05W1). (Continued below)
In a document published 2/24/05 summarizing the findings and information relating to the spiny dogfish, prepared as NMFS and the Mid-Atlantic Fisheries Management Council were considering regulations for on the fish for this year, the stock still has not recovered enough, despite management restrictions being put in place in 2000 (05W1). It's a matter of gender. While everyone agrees there are enormous numbers of male spiny dogfish around, the number of females in the population isn't enough, according to NMFS scientists, to keep the fish from becoming extinct. What happened was that commercial fishermen targeting dogfish were focused on the larger of the species, because the amount of meat on the fish was greater in the bigger fish. According to the 2/24/05 report: "From 1982-95, over 95% of the sampled landings of spiny dogfish were females greater than 84 cm (33 inches). Males comprised a small fraction of the landings and were rarely observed above 90 cm (35 inches) in length." Because the bigger dogfish were and are the sexually mature females, and because of the dogfish's reproductive setup - taking as much as two years to produce pups - the concern was and is that there aren't enough female dogfish around to sustain the population if the fishing for them resumes in any great way (05W1). Some contend that the NMFS scientists are looking at a skewed picture, comparing the number of dogfish now to the population heights reached in the late '80s. In the '60s, the total biomass of spiny dogfish was about 160,000 metric tons. At its peak, it was about 500,000 metric tons (NMFS figures) (05W1).
Yellow eels spend 2-20 years in rivers. During this time the male eels grow to an average size of 40 cm. and the females to 70 cm. The record for the largest eel ever measured was 133 cm. while the oldest eel that has ever been found had reached 84. Eels are heavily targeted by fisheries that yield ca. 20,000 tonnes (early 1990s) in the distribution area. Those that survive their time in the river then undergo one final transformation into silver eels. During this change, the eels' backs darken, their bellies whiten (to better camouflage them in the sea) and their eyes grow bigger. They are then ready to start their last journey, back out to the Atlantic Ocean to spawn. On their way out of the rivers they are trapped and netted, yielding over 5000 tonnes across Europe. The escapees then leave the rivers and disappear into the vastness of the Atlantic Ocean, heading back to the as yet unknown spawning area (05D1).
Atlantic sturgeon
can grow to 6-8 feet in length and weigh up to 600 pounds (99M3).- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - fi11
WEB-SITE NAVIGATION AID - WHERE DO YOU WANT TO GO?
(11D) Top of this Section - Fish Characteristics
(11C) Top of Section -Definitions
(11TC) Top of these Appendices (units, conversions, definitions)
(12) Top of this Review's Reference List
(FI) Fishery Degradation: A Global Perspective (Table of Contents)
(T) Title Page of this entire web site (visit early)
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - fi11
SECTION (11-E) -Organizations and Information Sources
(First is an alphabetic listing of organizations. This is followed by an alphabetic listing of subjects.) For a larger listing of information sources see http://www.mcbi.org (1/6/00) which links to numerous sources of information (national and international) on marine conservation biology topics - non-governmental organizations, scientific societies, and governmental agencies.)
Alabama Rivers Alliance, 700 28th St. South, #2026, Birmingham AL 35233 205-322-6395 alabamariv@aol.com (Bradford T. McLane) (9/97).
Alaska Marine Conservation Council, Box 101145, Anchorage AK 99510 907-277-5357 amcc@alaska.net (Steve Ganey) (9/97).
American Fisheries Society, 5410 Grosvenor Ln., Suite 110, Bethesda MD 20814 301-897-8616 X208 pbrouha@fisheries.org (Paul Brouha) (9/97).
American Oceans Campaign, 201 Mass. Av. NE, Suite C-3, Washington DC 20002 202-544-3526 aoctd@wizard.net (Tanya Dobrzynski)(9/97) or aoctm@wizard.net(Ted Morton) (9/97) or aocbjp@wizard.net(Barbara Jeanne Polo) (9/97) Suzanne Giles <sgiles@americanoceans.org> 3/1/01 is Water Quality Program Coordinator, 600 Pennsylvania Avenue SE, Suite 210, Washington, DC 20003 202.544.3526 www.americanoceans.org To keep up with fishery conservation issues, subscribe to AOC's free AOC-FISHLINK Listserve. Most environmental organizations with an active interest in fisheries conservation belong. This is an online communications network among members of the conservation, fishing and scientific communities hosted by American Oceans Campaign (AOC). The purpose of AOC-FishLink is to provide a forum for fish conservationists around the country to collaborate on effective implementation strategies for the new (1996) provisions of the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act aimed at halting over-fishing, protecting and restoring fish habitat, and eliminating wasteful fishing practices (by-catch). AOC-FishLink has been designed as a moderated, closed list serve to ensure the confidentiality of disseminated material and the mutuality of the participants' goals. To subscribe, send an e-mail message to Majordomo@igc.org with the following message ONLY in the body of the text: subscribe aoc-fishlink.
Billfish Foundation, 2419 E. Commercial Blvd., Suite 303, Fort Lauderdale FL 33308 954-938-0150 billfish@ix.netcom.com (Ellen Peel) (9/97).
Bluewater Network, 300 Broadway, #28, San Francisco CA 94133 415-788-3666 kennye@earthisland.org (Kenny Entlinger) (9/97).
Center for Marine Conservation, One Beach Dr. SE Suite 304, St. Petersburg FL 33701 813-895-2188 ksd@cenmarine.com davisk%stpete@cenmarine.com (Kim Davis) (9/97).
Center for Marine Conservation, 580 Market St. #550, San Francisco CA 94105 415-391-6204 okeyt%sf@cenmarine.com (Tom Okey) (9/97).
Center for Marine Conservation, 1725 DeSales St. NW, Suite 500, Washington DC 20036 202-429-5609 202-857-5550 (an educational organization focused on marine debris and marine mammals) dicksod%dccmc@cenmarine.com (David Dickson) (9/97) or fordhas%dccmc@cenmarine.com (Sonja Fordham) (9/97), or irvinb%dccmc@cenmarine.com (Bob Irvin) (9/97), or iudices%dccmc@cenmarine.com (Suzanne Iudicello) (9/97). Center for Marine Conservation is the leading non-profit organization committed to protecting ocean environments and conserving the global abundance and diversity of marine life. Through science-based advocacy, research, and public education, CMC promotes informed citizen participation in the US and worldwide to reverse the degradation of oceans. Established: 1972, 120,000 members, headquartered in Washington DC, with regional offices in California, Florida, and Virginia.
To subscribe to the Center for Marine Conservation's Gulf Fish Rapper by e-mail send to jydogfish@aol.com. This free e-mail newsletter is a project of the (http://www.cmc-ocean.org).
Chesapeake Bay Foundation, 162 Prince George St., Annapolis MD 21401, 301-268-8816 (They work to improve Chesapeake Bay's environment). (1989).
Coalition to Restore Coastal Louisiana, 200 LaFayette St., #500, Baton Rouge LA 70801 504-344-6555 coalition@crcl.org (Ann Burruss) (9/97).
Coast Alliance, 1536 16th Street NW, Washington DC 20036, 202-265-5518 (an umbrella group for 35 groups involved in coastal environmental issues). (1989).
Coastal Conservation Association of Florida, 905 East Park Ave., Tallahassee FL 32301 850-224-3474 fcastate@aol.com (Kelly Lynn Olsen) (9/97).
Coastal Waters Project, PO Box 94, Lincolnville ME 04849 207-789-5310 coastwatch@acadia.net (Ron Huber) (9/97).
Conservation Law Foundation, 62 Summer St., Boston MA 02110 617-350-0990 X124. EDorsey@clf.clf.org (Ellie Dorsey) (9/97).
Conservation Law Foundation, 120 Tilson Av., Rockland ME 04841 207-594-8107 pshelley@clf.org (Peter Shelley) (9/97).
Council on Ocean Law, 1709 New York Ave. NW, Washington DC 20008, 202-347-3766 (They support development of international laws for oceans.) (1989).
Div. of Marine Biology and Fisheries - RSMAS, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami FL 33149 305-361-4069 maddox@rcf.rsmas.miami.edu (Elizabeth Maddox) (9/97).
Earthjustice Legal Defense Fund, 180 Montogomery St., Suite 1400, San Francisco CA 94104-4209 415-627-6700 masamet@aol.com (Melissa Samet) (9/97).
Environmental Defense Fund, 521 Peerman Place, Corpus Christi TX 78411 512-853-9159 PandDBaker@aol.com (Pamela Baker) (9/97)
Environmental Defense Fund, 5655 College Ave., Suite 304, Oakland CA 94618 510-658-8008 Julene_Freitas@edf.org (Julene Freitas) (9/97) or 510-658-8901 X226 Rod_Fujita@edf.org (Rod Fujita) (9/97) or Pete_Emerson@edf.org (Pete Emerson) or MooneyH@aol.com (Heather Mooney) (9/97) or Tira_Foran@edf.org (Tira Foran).
Essential Fish Habitat (EFH) web site (new (2/01), improved),: http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/habitat/habitatprotection/essentialfishhabitat.htm
This site provides extensive background information on the EFH provisions of the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, and implementation of the EFH requirements by the National Marine Fisheries Service and regional Fishery Management Councils. It includes a summary of the key statutory provisions; an explanation of the process for designating EFH and protecting EFH from fishing and non-fishing activities; an overview of the terminology used in the statute and regulations; links to the EFH regulations and guidance documents; links to EFH-related web sites maintained by NMFS Regional Offices and Science Centers; links to web sites for the Councils; numerous EFH-related articles and publications; an archives of EFH materials; and more. The site is maintained by the NMFS Office of Habitat Conservation. It may also be accessed through the EFH link on the Office's web site: http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/habitat/index.html
Global Coral Reef Alliance, 324 N. Bedford Road, Chappaqua NY 10514 (10/93) (See Nature, 365 (10/21/93) p.688).
Greenpeace, 1426 U St. NW, Washington DC 20036 202-462-1177 (A membership group involved in policy formulation and activism on environmental issues, including oceanic pollution, energy development and fisheries) (1989).
Greenpeace, 1436 U St. NW, Washington DC 20009 202-319-2401 gerry.leape@wdc.greenpeace.org (Gerry Leape) (9/97)
Greenpeace, P.O. Box 7113, Gloucester MA 01930 508-283-5893 niaz.dorry@dialb.greenpeace.org (Niaz Dorry) (9/97).
Gulf Restoration Network, P.O. Box 1784, St. Petersburg FL 33731-1784 (512-994-5756) (9/97) or (grn@igc.apc.org) (6/97)
Gulf Restoration Network, PO Box 2245, New Orleans LA 70176 504-525-1528 (grn@igc.apc.org) (9/97).
Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy (IATP), Mark Ritchie, Pres. Editor: Mark Muller, email iatp@iatp.org. Email versions of a newsletter are available free of charge. To subscribe, email to majordomo@igc.apc.org. Leave subject line blank. In body of message write subscribe water-net. For information about fax subscriptions, or for a list of other IATP publications, contact Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy, 2105 First Avenue South, Minneapolis MN 55404. 612-870-0453, fax: 612-870-4846, iatp@iatp.org.
International Marinelife Alliance USA, 94 Station St., Suite 645, Hingham MA 02043, 617-383-1209 (A membership organization that conducts research, education and training to protect marine life world-wide) (1989).
Izaak Walton League of America (Virginia Division) PO Box 292, 1449 Golden Oak Rd., Centreville VA 20122-0292 703-631-1475 (9/97).
Living Oceans Program- National Audubon Society, 550 S. Bay Ave., Islip NY 11751 516-581-2927 (mcamhi@audubon.org) (Merry Camhi) (9/97).
Marine Conservation Biology Institute, 205 N. Edgewood Ct., Arlington VA 22201 703-276-1434 (amymcbi@erols.com) (Amy Matthews-Amos) (9/97).
Marine Fish Conservation Network (MFCN), 600 Pennsylvania Ave. SE, Suite 210, Washington, DC 20003, 202-543-5509, network@conservefish.org, www.conservefish.org (12/02).
National Coalition for Marine Conservation, 3 West Market St., Leesburg VA 20176 703-777-0037 (seancmc@aol.com) (Ken Hinman) (9/97).
National Marine Fisheries Service (a government agency), 14th and Constitution Ave. NW, Washington DC 20230 (Office of Habitat Conservation of NMFS is at 1315 East-West Highway, Silver Springs MD 20910-3282.) NMFS is part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) of the US Dept. of Commerce.
New England Aquarium, Central Wharf, Boston MA 02110-3399 617-973-6587 (htausig@aol.com) (Heather Tausig) (9/97).
North Carolina Coastal Federation, 3609 Hwy. 24 (Ocean), Newport NC 25870 (919-393-8185) (nccf@coastalnet.com) (Laura Lynch) (9/97).
Ocean Wildlife Campaign (David Wilmot, Director) 1901 Pennsylvania Av. NW, Suite 1100, Washington DC 20006 (202-861-2242) (Fax: 202-861-4290) dwilmot@Audubon.org (2/98).
(The) Oceanic Society, 1536 16th St. NW, Washington DC 20036, (202-328-0098) (Recently merged with Environmental Policy Inst. and Friends of the Earth; it works on the whole spectrum of marine environment issues, mainly on policy) (1989).
Oregon Trout, 117 SW Naito Parkway, Portland OR 97204 (503-222-9091) (Steve.Hinton@ortrout.org) (Steven Hinton) (9/97).
Pacific Marine Conservation Council, Humboldt State University, 2259 Dogwood Road, McKinleyville CA 95519 (707-839-0283) (Skip/ Linda McMaster) (9/97).
PCFFA, P.O. Box 11170, Eugene OR 97440-3370 (541-689-2000) (fish1ifr@aol.com) (Glen Spain) (9/97)
Pew Charitable Trusts, 2220 38th St., Bellingham WA 98226 360-715-0063 (Highleyman@aol.com) (Scott Highleyman) (9/97) For an outstanding, easy to read analysis of fishery laws, regulations and politics as they relate to fishery science, a Pew Ocean Commission document (
Restore American's Estuaries, 1200 New York Av. NW, Suite 400, Washington DC 20005 (202-289-2380) (pbraasch@estuaries.org) (Peter Braasch) (9/97) or skinberg@estuaries.org (Steve Kinberg) (9/97)
Riverkeeper, Inc., PO Box 130, Garrison NY 10524 (914-424-4149) (Theresa Hanczor) (9/97)
ReefGuardian International To be kept informed about issues related to the health and degradation of coral reefs visit their web site (http://www.reefguardian.org).
Seaweb, 1731 Connecticut Ave. NW, 4th Fl., Washington DC 20009 (seaweb@seaweb.org) (7/97) or (202-483-9570) (tojohnson@seaweb.org) (Tom Johnson) (9/97).
SeaWeb Salmon Aquaculture Clearinghouse Bill Mott, Coordinator, and Communications Coordinator *Ocean Awareness Campaign* 360 Victoria Ave, Suite 203 Montreal, Quebec H3Z2N4 (514.487.4336)
South Atlantic Fish Rapper a collaborative project of the Center for Marine Conservation, Audubon Living Oceans Program, the Environmental Defense Fund and ReefKeeper International. The newsletter, intended to inform and motivate citizen participation in the fishery management process, is made possible by grants from the Pew Charitable Trusts, Rockefeller Brothers Fund, and Curtis and Edith Munson Foundation. Subscribe to Fish Rapper (free) at jydogfish@aol.com; (fax 605-343-4061); by mail Top Dog Publishing, 2718 W. Saint Patrick Street, Rapid City SD 57702.
www.fishbase.org has information on all 27,000 fish species, including photographs, home climate, depth, peril to humans and the person who named it. It gets as many as five million hits a month (
Carol Kaesuk Yoon, "Iconoclast Looks for Fish and Finds Disaster", The New York Times, 1/21/03).- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - fi11
WEB-SITE NAVIGATION AID - WHERE DO YOU WANT TO GO?
(11E) Top of this Section - Organizations and Information Sources
(11TC) Top of these Appendices (units, conversions, definitions)
(12) Top of this Review's Reference List
(FI) Fishery Degradation: A Global Perspective (Table of Contents)
(T) Title Page of this entire web site (visit early!)
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - fi11
SECTION (11-F) - Technologies
-
People fishing for sport are doing far more damage to US marine fish stocks than anyone thought, accounting for nearly a quarter of the catch from over-fished species, researchers said on 8/26/04. The researchers said recreational fishing takes 59% of the red snapper in the Gulf of Mexico, 93% of red drum in the South Atlantic and 87% of bocaccio on the Pacific coast. "With over 10 million saltwater recreational anglers in the US, and recreational fishing activity growing as much as 20% in the last 10 years, their aggregate impact is far from benign," said Will Figueira of Duke University in North Carolina, who worked on the study. When they looked at fish designated as species of concern by the US government, sport fishing accounted for 23% of the take by weight
(Maggie Fox, Fishing Just for Fun Damages Stocks, Study Finds", Reuters, 8/26/04).According to a first-of-its-kind study published 8/26/04 in the journal Science. Recreational fishers were responsible for 64% of catches of "species of concern" - including redfish, gag grouper and red snapper - in the Gulf of Mexico and 38% of catches in the South Atlantic
(Mark Schleifstein, "Recreational fishers snared in report: Study suggests limits to preserve Gulf species", The Times-Picayune (LA) 8/27/04).At the end of the 1990s, no commercial aquaculture producer was marketing transgenic aquaculture species for human consumption. Consumer resistance and concerns about the protection of intellectual property rights are the main reasons for not marketing the animals at present being developed in research programs. There is concern that new genetic technologies, and specifically transgenic technology, are poorly understood and that they may pose risks to the environment and human health (
03W2).Growth hormone genes from a variety of fishes have been put into other species such as carp, catfish, tilapia and salmon to improve growth rates by increasing the production of the fishes' own growth hormone (
03W2).In recent years, sturdier winches, stronger cable and more powerful engines have allowed fishing trawlers to extend their reach to depths of 3,000 feet and beyond. At those depths, growth is so slow that harvested fish can take decades to be replaced and damaged coral may require centuries or more to grow back (
02R1).Long-Line Fishing Effects
Developed in the 1960s, long-lining is a system of laying out up to 40 miles of baited hooks. Anything that swims by the hook; porpoises, pilot whales, loggerhead and leatherback turtles, various sharks and even juvenile swordfish may take the bait. Since the line is left out overnight, any species on the hook is usually weakened, injured or killed. There are about 420 long-liners around the country. (From a posting to mfcn-fishlink@igc.topica.com, 8/16/00, from Jersey Coast Anglers Association, 1201 Rt.37 East, Toms River NJ 08753 http://www.jcaa.org and New Jersey Federation of Sportsmen's Clubs, 190 Oberlin Road North, Lakewood NJ 08701 http://www.njsfsc.org/).
Pelagic Long-line Fishing
A 3/98 109-page report "Ocean Roulette: Conserving Swordfish, sharks and other Threatened Pelagic Fish in Long-Line-Infested Waters" describes pelagic long-line fisheries, the status of the resource, examines the (in)effectiveness of current national- and international management programs, reviews options for managing long-line by-catch, and concludes with specific recommendations for avoiding by-catch and minimizing by-catch mortality. For a copy of the report send $5 to National Coalition for Marine Conservation, Dept.O, 3 West Market St., Leesburg, VA 20176.
Go to the Table of Contents of these Appendices.
SECTION (11-G) - Databases -
The FAOSTAT Database (about 2001):
A massive compilation of data on issues related to agriculture, forest management, grazing lands, fisheries and other related issues can be accessed by visiting http://apps.fao.org. Access to the FAOSTAT database itself costs about $1200/ year for residents of developed countries. (Access is free to residents of developing nations.) (
Could not be reached on 2/8/07)WORLD RESOURCES 2005: Visit http://population.wri.org/worldresources2005-pub-4073.html
http://population.wri.org/pubs_pdf.cfm?PubID=4073 permits you to download a .pdf file of the entire document (264 pages, 15 MB) (See E:\sustainability\wrr05_full.pdf)
NOTE: The page numbers given below are those you ask your .pdf software to take you to.
The actual page numbers printed on the document's pages are different.
Data Tables (Introduction to tables) (p.148-149).
Table - Water Resources and Fisheries (p.185-188)
~ ~ ~ Actual Renewable Water Resources (Total: km3) (Per-capita in m3/ person)
~ ~ ~ Annual Water Withdrawals (Total in km3) (Per-capita (m3/ person in 2000)
~ ~ ~ Annual Water Withdrawals by Sector in 2000 (Agriculture, Industry, Domestic)
~ ~ ~ Inland/Marine Fisheries Production (in 1000 metric tonnes) (Capture) (Aquaculture)
~ ~ ~ Trade in Fish and Fisheries Products (million US$) (2000-2002) (Imports) (Exports)
~ ~ ~ Number of Fishers (2000)
~ ~ ~ Fish Protein as a % of animal protein supply (2002)
~ ~ ~ For more information visit http://earthtrends.wri.org/datatables/freshwater
Table - Population and Education (p.153-156)
~ ~ ~ Total Population estimates and projections (1980, 2005, 2030)
~ ~ ~ (For more information visit http://earthtrends.wri.org/datatables/population)
Table - Gender and Development (p.161-164)
~ ~ ~ Annual Earned income (International dollars) (1991-2000) (Women and Men)
~ ~ ~ (For more information visit jttp://earthtrends.wri.org/datatables/population)
Table - Income and Poverty (p.165-168)
~ ~ ~ GDP per-capita PPP (International $) (2002)
~ ~ ~ Gini Index (0= perfect equality; 100 = perfect inequality)
~ ~ ~ For more information visit http://earthtrends.wri.org/datatables/Economics
Table - Economics and financial flows (pp.169-172)
~ ~ ~ GDP (Constant 1995 US$)
~ ~ ~ GDP per-capita (dollars) (2002)
~ ~ ~ Distribution of GDP by sector (%) (Agriculture, Industry, Services) in 2002)
~ ~ ~ Official Development assistance and aid (2002)
~ ~ ~ For more information visit http://earthtrends.wri.org/datatables/Economics
Table - Institutions and Government (p.173-176)
Table - Energy (p.177-178) (2 explanatory pages not examined)
~ ~ ~ Energy Consumption - Total from all Sources (1000 metric toe) (1991 and 2001)
~ ~ ~ Energy Consumption (% in 2001) (fossil, solid biomass, nuclear, hydro, other renewables)
~ ~ ~ Proven Fossil Fuel reserves (million metric toe) (2003) (coal, oil, natural gas)
~ ~ ~ For more information visit http://earthtrends.wri.org/datatables/energy
Table - Land Use and Human Settlement (p.193-196)
~ ~ ~ Total land area (2002)
~ ~ ~ Land area classifications - Forested (MODIS Satellite Imagery in 2000 - greater than 50% cover,
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ greater than10%)
~ ~ ~ Land Area classifications - Forested (FAO Estimate greater than 10% cover in 1990 and 2000)
~ ~ ~ Land Area classifications - Agriculture - arable and permanent croplands (1992, 2002)
~ ~ ~ Land Area classifications - Agriculture - permanent pasture (1992 and 2002)
~ ~ ~ Land Area classifications - drylands.
~ ~ ~ Population density (people/ km2 in 2000)
~ ~ ~ Urban population as a % of total (1990 and 2000)
~ ~ ~ Percent of urban people living in slum conditions in 2001.
~ ~ ~ For more information visit http://earthtrends.wri.org/datatables/forests
Table - Food and Agriculture (p.197-200)
~ ~ ~ Agricultural land area (2002)
~ ~ ~ Irrigated cropland as a percent of total land (2002)
~ ~ ~ Labor inputs to agriculture (workers per ha) (2001)
~ ~ ~ Fertilizer applied (kg/ ha) (2001)
~ ~ ~ Water withdrawals (m3/ ha) (2000)
~ ~ ~ Net cereal Imports as a % of consumption (2002)
~ ~ ~ Calorie supply per capita (kcal/ person/ day) (2002)
~ ~ ~ For more information visit http://earthtrends.wri.org/datatables/agriculture
~ ~ ~ More data tables are available on line at Earthtrends http://earthtrends.wri.org
(If you don't want graphics, just data, see the same information at http://earthtrends.wri.org/text.)
(A CD-ROM (also hardcopy) of Earthtrends data is also available. Visit http://www.wristore.com)
Chapter 1 Reference Citations start on p.204-207.
Chapter 2 Reference Citations start on p.208-209.
Chapter 3 Reference Citations start on p.210-212.
Chapter 4 Reference Citations start on p.213-215.
Chapter 5 Reference Citations start on p.216-???.
The Index (by subject) starts on pages 220-228.
California's Living Marine Resources and their Utilization, a California Sea Grant Extension publication, is available through the Davis California Sea Grant Extension Office. The book is an excellent reference on California fisheries for scientists, agencies, legislators, fishermen, students and concerned citizens. The price is $15 including tax and postage. Mail orders to: Sea Grant Extension Program, Dept. of Wildlife and Fishery Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8751.
Data on Consumption of ocean wildlife by species further up the food chain:
http://www.highnorth.no/M-hunter/co-a-th.htm
Killer whales eating herring
http://www.highnorth.no/M-hunter/killer.htm
Cod and Saithe Eaten by Invading Seals
http://www.highnorth.no/co-an-sa.htm
EU Resolution on Seals/Fisheries Interaction
http://www.highnorth.no/eu-re-on.htm
Sperm whales do not only eat squid
http://www.highnorth.no/sp-wh-do.htm
Whale quota/ harvest data:
http://www.highnorth.no/M-hunter/fi-an-wh.htm
http://www.highnorth.no/bi-fr-no.htm
http://www.highnorth.no/mi-wh-fi.htm
http://www.highnorth.no/M-hunter/th-hi-no.htm
http://www.highnorth.no/th-hu-hi.htm
Go to the Table of Contents of these Appendices.