FOREST LAND DEGRADATION:
A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE
- Forest Basics -
- Forest Inventories -
- Degradation Data -
- Economics -
- Politics -
- Law -
- History -
Edition 6, July 2007
Bruce Sundquist
bsundquist1@alltel.net
Key Words:
Previous Editions: Ed.1 8/96 - Ed. 2 6/98 - Ed. 3 7/00 -Ed. 4 10/03 - Ed. 5 5/05 -
since 01/04/03
Note 1: Throughout this document, the notation (la) means that the corresponding information has been copied to a Land/ Aquatic-Area data file.
Note 2: If the system of units used in this document (normally metric) confuses you, see Chapter (7) Section (7-A).
(1) - FOREST DEGRADATION OVERVIEW - [A] Tropical Deforestation via Shifting Cultivation, [B] Tropical Deforestation via Permanent Cultivation, [C] Tropical Deforestation via Grazing, [D] Tropical Deforestation via Urbanization, [E] Temperate Deforestation, [F] Sustainable-Yield on Tropical Forests, [G] Sustainable Yield on Temperate Forests, [H] Comparison of Wood Consumption to Sustainable Yield,
(2) - FOREST BASICS -
(2-A) -Sustainable Yield - [A1] Global, [A2] Asian Sub-Continent, [A3] Australia, [A4] Canada,[A5] Developed Countries, [A6]~Europe, [A7] Africa, [A8] Russia, [A9] Southeast Asia, [A10] Tropical Forests, [A11] US-Eastern, [A12] US-Western, [A13]~Plantations, [A14] Hybrid- and Genetically Modified Trees,
(2-B) - Forest Biomass -
[B1] Global, [B2] Tropical Forest Biomass, [B3] Temperate Forest Biomass, [B4] Biomass Partitioning,
(2-C) - Effects of Diseases, Insects, Pollution, Grazing
- [C1] Insects and Disease, [C2] Pollution, [C3] Cattle Grazing,
(2-D) - Aridity- and Climate-Related Issues - [D1] History of Climate, [D2] Precipitation Limits to Tree Survival, [D3] Savanna/ Forest Interface, [D4] Altitude Limits, [D5] Desertification,
(2-E) - Forest Fires and Wind Damage -
[E1] Global, [E2] Tropical Forests, [E3] Temperate/ Boreal Forests,
(2-F) - Reforestation
- [F1] Plantations, [F2] Africa, [F3] Canada, [F4] British Isles, [F5] Far East, [F6] South America, [F7]~Southeast Asia, [F8] Asian Sub-Continent, [F9] Europe, [F10] US, [F11] USSR,
(2-G) - Side Effects of Deforestation - [G1] Erosion/ Siltation/ Degradation of Croplands (various regions), [G2] Siltation of Dam-backwaters and Irrigation Systems, [G3] Water Quality Degradation, [G4] Reduced Rainfall, [G5] Floods and Landslides, [G6]~Collapse of Civilizations, [G7] Desertification,
(3) - INVENTORY OF FOREST RESOURCES
(3-A) - Global Inventory - [A1] General, [A2] Frontier Forests, [A3] Inventory Decrements, [A4] Plantations, [A5]~Biomass Inventory and NPP Data, [A6] WRI Table, [A7] Softwood Forests, [A8] Temperate Rainforest, [A9] Tropical Rainforest, [A10]~Protected Forests, [A11] Developing Countries, [A12] Boreal Forests, [A13] Mangrove Forests, [A14] Bamboo Forests, [A15]~Growing Stock,
(3-B) - Asia
- [B1] General, [B2] Middle East, [B3] Asian Sub-Continent, [B4] Southeast Asia, [B5] Far East, [B6]~ Central Asia,
(3-C) - Africa
- [C1] General, [C2] North Africa, [C3] West Africa, [C4] East Africa, [C5] Southern Africa, [C6] Sahel, [C7]~Central Africa,
(3-D) - North America - [D1] Alaska, [D2] Canada, [D3] United States, [D4] US - Western, [D5] US -Eastern, [D6]~Long-leafed Pine, [D7] Pinyon-Juniper, [D8] Rocky Mountains, [D9] Southeastern US,
(3-E) - South and Central America - [E1] Latin America, [E2] Central America, [E3] Tropical Andes Mountains, [E4] Amazon Basin, [E5] Brazil, [E6] South America,
(3-F) - Europe, Australia and Oceania - [F1] Europe in General, [F2] Southern Europe, [F3] Northern Europe, [F4] Australia, [F5]~Oceania, [F6] New Zealand,
(4) -DEGRADATION DATA -
(4-A) -Global Overview -
(4-A-a) -General
- [Aa1] Cumulative Deforestation, [Aa2] Deforestation in the 1970s and before, [Aa3] Deforestation in the 1980s, [Aa4]~Deforestation in the 1990s, [Aa5] Montane Watersheds, [Aa6] Temperate Rainforests, [Aa7] Mangrove Forests, [Aa8]~Plantations,
(4-A-b) - Shifting Cultivation - [Ab1] Global, [Ab2] Africa, [Ab3] Asia, [Ab4] Asian Sub-Continent, [Ab6] Latin America (+Brazil), [Ab7]~Less-Developed Countries (LCDs), [Ab8] Southeast Asia,
(4-A-c) - Conversion to Grazing Lands, Croplands and Aquaculture
- [Ac1] Global, [Ac2] Africa, [Ac3] South America, [Ac4]~Central America, [Ac5] Southeast Asia, [Ac6] Latin America, [Ac7] Oceania, [Ac8] Scotland, [Ac9] US,
(4-A-d) - Firewood- and Charcoal Production - [Ad1] Global, [Ad2] Tropical Nations, [Ad3] Africa, [Ad4] Asian Sub-Continent, [Ad5]~South America, [Ad6] Far East, [Ad7] US,
(4-A-e) - Urbanization
- [Ae1] Global, [Ae2] Africa, [Ae3] Asia, [Ae4] Latin America, [Ae5] North America,
(4-B) - Asia
- [B1] Brief Summary, [B2] Asian Sub-Continent, [B3] Southeast Asia, [B4] Soviet Union (former),
(4-C) - Africa
- [C1] Summary, [C2] Eastern Africa, [C3] Southern Africa, [C4] West Africa, [C5] Central Africa,
(4-D) - North America - [D1] Alaska, [D2] California, [D3] Canada, [D4] Long-leafed Pine, [D5] Midwestern US, [D6] Pinion Juniper, [D7] Pacific Northwest US, [D8] Riparian Habitats-W.US, [D9] US, [D10] Northeastern US, [D11] Southern US,
(4-E) - South- and Central America -
[E1] Summary Table, [E2] Amazon Basin, [E3] Northern South America, [E4]~Andean Mountain Region, [E5] Brazil, [E6]~Central America, [E7] Caribbean, [E8] Mexico, [E9] Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay,
(4-F) - Europe, Australia and Oceania - [F1] Australia, [F2] Europe, [F3] Oceania,
(5) - FOREST ECONOMICS
(5-A) -Economics-General
-
[A1] Global (Prices, fuel-wood economics, high-yield forestry, Reservoir-Siltation Costs, Energy Costs of Basic Materials), [A2]~Alternative uses of Rain-forest, [A3] Jobs-Related Issues, [A4] Wasting Wood, [A5] South America, [A6] Canada, [A7]~Europe, [A8]~Asian Sub-Continent, [A9] Southeast Asia, [A10] Oceania, [A11] US, [A12] Plantations, [A13] Non-Wood Forest Products,
(5-B) - Production and Consumption -
[B1] Global -([1a] Roundwood, [1b] Pulp and Paper, [1c] Fuel-wood/ charcoal, [1d]~Plantations), [B2] Africa - Fuelwood, [B3] Southeast Asia, [B4] Canada, [B5] South America, [B6] Far East, [B7]~Developing Countries, [B8]~Asian Sub-Continent, [B9] Central Asia, [B10] Pacific NW, [B11] US - Eastern, [B12] US - Southern, [B13]~US - All, [B14]~Developed Countries,
(5-C) - Exports and Imports - [C1] Global, [C2] Africa, [C3] Australia, [C4] Asian Sub-Continent, [C5] Canada, [C6] South America, [C7]~Developing Countries, [C8] Far East, [C9] Europe, [C10] Southeast Asia, [C11] Oceania, [C12] Central Asia, [C13]~US,
(6) - FOREST POLITICS, LAWS AND HISTORY -
(6-A) -Politics, General - [A1] Global, [A2] Alaska, [A3] Canada, [A4] Latin America, [A5] Southeast Asia, [A6] US,
(6-B) - Politics-Subsidies
- [B1] General, [B2] Alaska, [B3] Amazon Basin, [B4] Canada, [B5] South America, [B6] Europe, [B7]~Southeast Asia, [B8] US, [B9] Soviet Union (former),
(6-C) -Forest Law - [C1] Africa, [C2] Asian Sub-Continent, [C3] Southeast Asia, [C4] Oceania, [C5] US, [C6] South America
(6-D) -History
- [D1] Global, [D2] Africa, [D3] China, [D4] Easter Island, [D5] Europe, [D6] Latin America, [D7]~Asian Sub-Continent, [D8] Middle East, [D9] North America,
(6-E) -Illegal/ Corrupt Practices - [E1] Global, [E2] Developing World, [E3] South America, [E4] Southeast Asia, [E5]~Africa, [E6] Asian Sub-Continent, [E7] Oceania, [E8] US, [E9] Russia,
(7) - APPENDICES
(7-A) -Units Conversions - Precise - [A1] Lengths, [A2] Areas, [A3] Weights, [A4] Volumes,
(7-B) -Units Conversions - Imprecise - [B5] logs to lumber, [B6] Wood to Charcoal, [B7] Wood to Energy, [B8] Paper to Paper (recycling), [B9]~Wood to Paper, [B10] Water to Paper, [B11] Biomass to Carbon,
(7-C) -Densities
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(7-D) -Definitions
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(7-E) -Information Sources and Organizations on Forest Land Degradation
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(7-F) - Databases -
(8) - REFERENCES - [A] Before 1980, [B] 1980 - 1982, [C] 1983 - 1985, [D] 1986 - 1988, [E] 1989 - 1991, [F] 1992 - 1994, [G]~1995 - 1997, [H] 1998 - 2000, [I] 2001 -2003, [J] 2004 - 2006, [K] 2007-2009,
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